Isds Ch 5

Business Intelligence, 2e (Turban/Sharda/Delen/King) Chapter 5 Text and Web Mining 1) DARPA and MITRE teamed up to develop capabilities to automatically filter text-based information sources to generate actionable information in a timely manner. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 190 2) A vast majority of business data is captured and stored in text documents that are structured. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2Page Ref: 192 3) Text mining is important to competitive advantage because knowledge is power, and knowledge is derived from text data sources. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 192 ) The purpose and processes of text mining are different from those of data mining because with text mining the input to the process are data files such as Word documents, PDF files, text excerpts, and XML files. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3Page Ref: 192 5) The benefits of text mining are greatest in areas where very large amounts of textual data are being generated, such as law, academic research, finance, and medicine. Ans wer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 192 6) Unstructured data has a predetermined format. It is usually organized into records as categorical, ordinal, and continuous variables and stored in databases.Answer: FALSE Diff: 2Page Ref: 193 7) Stemming is the process of reducing inflected words to their base or root form. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1Page Ref: 193 8) Stop words, such as a, am, the, and was, are words that are filtered out prior to or after processing of natural language data. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 193 9) The goal of natural language processing (NLP) is syntax-driven text manipulation. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2Page Ref: 196 10) Two advantages associated with the implementation of NLP are word sense disambiguation and syntactic ambiguity. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2Page Ref: 196 1) By applying a learning algorithm to parsed text, researchers from Stanford University's NLP lab have developed methods that can automatically identify the concepts and relationships between those concepts in the tex t. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 197 12) Text mining can be used to increase cross-selling and up-selling by analyzing the unstructured data generated by call centers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1Page Ref: 200 13) Compared to polygraphs for deception-detection, text-based deception detection has the advantages of being nonintrusive and widely applicable to textual data and transcriptions of voice recordings.Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 201 14) The main purpose of establishing the corpus is to collect all of the documents related to the context being studied. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 207 15) The main categories of knowledge extraction methods are recall, search, and signaling. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2Page Ref: 210 16) Web pages consisting of unstructured textual data coded in HTML and logs of visitors' interactions provide rich data that can easily provide effective and efficient knowledge discovery. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3Page Ref: 217 7) Web crawlers are Web content mining tools that are used to read through the content of a Web site automatically. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1Page Ref: 218 18) Amazon. com leverages Web usage history dynamically and recognizes the user by reading a cookie written by a Web site on the visitor's computer. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1Page Ref: 221 19) The quality of search results is impossible to measure accurately using strictly quantitative measures such as click-through rate, abandonment, and search frequency. Additional quantitative and qualitative measures are required. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2Page Ref: 222 0) Customer experience management applications gather and report direct feedback from site visitors by benchmarking against other sites and offline channels, and by supporting predictive modeling of future visitor behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3Page Ref: 224 21) A vast majority of business data are stored in text documents that are ________. A) mostly quantitative B) virtually unstructured C) semi-structured D) highly structured Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 192 22) Text mining is the semi-automated process of extracting ________ from large amounts of unstructured data sources.A) patterns B) useful information C) knowledge D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2Page Ref: 192 23) All of the following are popular application areas of text mining except: A) information extraction B) document summarization C) question answering D) data structuring Answer: D Diff: 2Page Ref: 193 24) Which of the following correctly defines a text mining term? A) Tagging is the number of times a word is found in a specific document. B) A token is an uncategorized block of text in a sentence. C) Rooting is the process of reducing inflected words to their base form.D) A term is a single word or multiword phrase extracted directly from the corpus by means of NLP methods. Answer: D Diff: 3Page Ref: 194 25) ________ is a branch of the field of linguistics and a part of natural language processing that studies the internal structure of words. A) Morphology B) Corpus C) Stemming D) Polysemes Answer: A Diff: 2Page Ref: 194 26) Using ________ as a rich source of knowledge and a strategic weapon, Kodak not only survives but excels in its market segment defined by innovation and constant change. A) visualization B) deception detection C) patent analysis D) semantic cuesAnswer: C Diff: 2Page Ref: 194 27) It has been shown that the bag-of-word method may not produce good enough information content for text mining tasks. More advanced techniques such as ________ are needed. A) classification B) natural language processing C) evidence-based processing D) symbolic processing Answer: B Diff: 2Page Ref: 195 28) Why will computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same way and with the same accuracy that humans do? A) A true understanding of meaning requires extensive knowledge of a topic beyond what is in the words, sentences, and paragraphs.B) The natural human language is too specific. C) The part of speech depends only on the definition and not on the context within which it is used. D) All of the above. Answer: A Diff: 3Page Ref: 196 29) At a very high level, the text mining process consists of each of the following tasks except: A) create log frequencies B) establish the corpus C) create the term-document matrix D) extract the knowledge Answer: A Diff: 2Page Ref: 207 30) In ________, the problem is to group an unlabelled collection of objects, such as documents, customer comments, and Web pages into meaningful groups without any prior knowledge.A) search recall B) classification C) clustering D) grouping Answer: C Diff: 2Page Ref: 211 31) The two main approaches to text classification are ________ and ________. A) knowledge engineering; machine learning B) categorization; clustering C) association; trend analysis D) knowledge extraction; association Answer: A Diff: 2Page Ref: 211 32) Commercial software tools include all of the following except: A) GATE B) IBM Intelligent Miner Data Mining Suite C ) SAS Text Miner D) SPSS Text Mining Answer: A Diff: 2Page Ref: 216 33) Why does the Web pose great challenges for effective and efficient knowledge discovery?A) The Web search engines are indexed-based. B) The Web is too dynamic. C) The Web is too specific to a domain. D) The Web infrastructure contains hyperlink information. Answer: B Diff: 2Page Ref: 217 34) A simple keyword-based search engine suffers from several deficiencies, which include all of the following except: A) a topic of any breath can easily contain hundreds or thousands of documents B) many documents that are highly relevant to a topic may not contain the exact keywords defining them C) web mining can identify authoritative Web pages D) many of the search results are marginally or not relevant to the topic Answer: CDiff: 3Page Ref: 217 35) Which of the following is not one of the three main areas of Web mining? A) Web search mining B) Web content mining C) Web structure mining D) Web usage mining Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 218 36) Which of the following refers to developing useful information from the links included in the Web documents? A) Web content mining B) Web subject mining C) Web structure mining D) Web matter mining Answer: C Diff: 2Page Ref: 219 37) A ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to authoritative pages, reference sites, or a resource list on a specific topic.A) hub B) hyperlink-induced topic search C) spoke D) community Answer: A Diff: 2Page Ref: 219 38) All of the following are types of data generated through Web page visits except: A) data stored in server access logs, referrer logs, agent logs, and client-side cookies B) user profiles C) hyperlink analysis D) metadata, such as page attributes, content attributes, and usage data Answer: C Diff: 2Page Ref: 220 39) When registered users revisit Amazon. com, they are greeted by name. This task involves recognizing the user by ________. A) pattern discovery B) association C) text miningD) readi ng a cookie Answer: D Diff: 1Page Ref: 221 40) Forward-thinking companies like Ask. com, Scholastic, and St. John Health System are actively using Web mining systems to answer important questions of â€Å"Who? † â€Å"Why? † and â€Å"How? † The benefits of integrating these systems: A) are measured qualitatively in terms of customer satisfaction, but not measured using financial or other quantitative measure. B) can be significant in terms of incremental financial growth and increasing customer loyalty and satisfaction. C) have not yet outweighed the costs of the Web mining systems and analysis.D) can be infinitely measurable. Answer: B Diff: 3Page Ref: 222 41) ________ is the semi-automated process of extracting patterns from large amounts of unstructured data sources. Answer: Text mining Diff: 1Page Ref: 192 42) ________ is the process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns in data stored in structured database s, where the data are organized in records structured by categorical, ordinal, or continuous variables. Answer: Data mining Diff: 1Page Ref: 192 43) ________ is the grouping of similar documents without having a predefined set of categories.Answer: Clustering Diff: 2Page Ref: 193 44) In linguistics, a(n) ________ is a large and structured set of texts prepared for the purpose of conducting knowledge discovery. Answer: corpus Diff: 1Page Ref: 193 45) ________ is the process of reducing inflected words to their base or root form. Answer: Stemming Diff: 1Page Ref: 193 46) ________ words or noise words are words that are filtered out prior to or after processing of natural language data. Answer: Stop Diff: 1Page Ref: 193 47) The term â€Å"stop-words† are used by text mining to ________ commonly used words.Answer: eliminate Diff: 2Page Ref: 193 48) ________ is an important component of text mining and is a subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It stud ies the problem of understanding the natural human language. Answer: Natural language processing (NLP) Diff: 1Page Ref: 196 49) ________ analysis is a technique used to detect favorable and unfavorable opinions toward specific products and services using textual data sources, such as customer feedback in Web postings and the detection of unfavorable rumors. Answer: Sentiment Diff: 2Page Ref: 197 0) At a very high level, the first of three consecutive tasks in the text mining process is to establish the ________, which is a list of organized documents. Answer: corpus Diff: 1Page Ref: 207 51) In the text mining process, the output of task two is a flat file called a ________ matrix where the cells are populated with the term frequencies. Answer: term-document Diff: 3Page Ref: 207 52) One of the main approaches to text classification is ________ in which an expert's knowledge is encoded into the system either declaratively or in the form of procedural classification rules.Answer: knowl edge engineering Diff: 2Page Ref: 211 53) A(n) ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to authoritative pages. Answer: hub Diff: 1Page Ref: 219 54) ________ mining is the process of extracting useful information from the links embedded in Web documents. Answer: Web structure Diff: 2Page Ref: 219 55) ________ mining is the extraction of useful information from data generated through Web page visits and transactions. Answer: Web usage Diff: 2Page Ref: 220 56) Analysis of the information collected by Web servers can help better understand user behavior.Analysis of this data is called ________ analysis. Answer: clickstream Diff: 2Page Ref: 220 57) ________ applications focus on â€Å"who and how† questions by gathering and reporting direct feedback from site visitors, by benchmarking against other sites and offline channels, and by supporting predictive modeling of future visitor behavior. Answer: Voice of Customer Diff: 2Page Ref: 224 58) Web analyti cs, CEM, and VOC applications form the foundation of the Web site ________ ecosystem that supports the online business' ability to positively influence desired outcomes. Answer: optimization Diff: 2Page Ref: 224 9) The ________ model, which is one where multiple sources of data describing the same population are integrated to increase the depth and richness of the resulting analysis, forms the framework of the Web site optimization ecosystem. Answer: convergent validation Diff: 3Page Ref: 225 60) Fundamental to the optimization process is ________, gathering data and information that can then be transformed into tangible analysis and recommendations for improvement using Web mining tools and techniques. Answer: measurement Diff: 3Page Ref: 225 61) Compare and contrast text mining and data mining.Answer: Text mining is the semi-automated process of extracting patterns (useful information and knowledge) from large amounts of unstructured data sources. Data mining is the process of ide ntifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and understandable patterns in data stored in structured databases, where the data are organized in records structured by categorical, ordinal, or continuous variables. Text mining is the same as data mining in that it has the same purpose and uses the same processes, but with text mining the input to the process is a collection of unstructured data files such as Word documents, PDF files, and so on.Diff: 2Page Ref: 192 62) Why will computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same way and with the same accuracy that humans do? Answer: Natural human language is vague for computers to understand; and a true understanding of meaning requires extensive knowledge of a topic beyond what is in the words, sentences, and paragraphs. Diff: 1Page Ref: 196 63) NLP has successfully been applied to a variety of tasks via computer programs to automatically process natural human language that previously could only be done by humans.Li st three of the most popular of these tasks. Answer: Any three of the following: †¢Information retrieval. The science of searching for relevant documents, finding specific information within them, and generating metadata as to their contents. †¢Information extraction. A type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured information from a certain domain, using machine-readable documents. †¢Question answering. The task of automatically answering a question posed in natural language; that is, producing a human-language answer when given a human-language question. Automatic summarization. The creation of a shortened version of a text document by a computer program that contains the most important points of the document. †¢Natural language generation. Systems convert information from computer databases into readable human language. †¢Natural language understanding. Systems convert samples of human language into more formal representa tions that are easier for computer programs to manipulate. †¢Machine translation. The automatic translation of one human language to another. †¢Foreign language reading. A computer program that assists a onnative language speaker to read a foreign language. †¢Foreign language writing. A computer program that assists a nonnative language user in writing in a foreign language. †¢Speech recognition. Converts spoken words to machine-readable input. †¢Text-to-speech. A computer program converts normal language text into human speech. †¢Text proofing. A computer program reads a proof copy of a text in order to detect and correct any errors. †¢Optical character recognition. The automatic translation of images of handwritten, typewritten, or printed text.Diff: 2Page Ref: 199 64) Describe a marketing application of text mining. Answer: Text mining can be used to increase cross-selling and up-selling by analyzing the unstructured data generated by call cente rs. Text generated by call-center notes as well as transcriptions of voice conversations with customers can be analyzed by text mining algorithms to extract novel, actionable information about customers' perceptions toward a company's products and services. Text mining is valuable for customer relationship management (CRM).Companies can use text mining to analyze unstructured text data, combined with the relevant structured data extracted from organizational databases, to predict customer perceptions and subsequent purchasing behavior. Diff: 2Page Ref: 200 65) What is the primary purpose of text mining within the context of knowledge discovery? Answer: The primary purpose of text mining within the context of knowledge discovery is to process unstructured (textual) data along with structured data, if relevant to the problem, to extract meaningful and actionable patterns for better decision making.Diff: 1Page Ref: 206 66) Diagram and explain the three-step text mining process. Answer: See Figure 5. 5 in the textbook. Diff: 2Page Ref: 207 67) List two options for managing or reducing the dimensionality (size) of the term-document matrix (TDM). Answer: †¢A domain expert goes through the list of terms and eliminates those that do not make much sense for the context of the study. †¢Eliminate terms with very few occurrences in very few documents. †¢Transform the matrix using singular value decomposition. Diff: 3Page Ref: 210 8) What are three of the challenges for effective and efficient knowledge discovery posed by the Web? Answer: The Web is too big for effective data mining. Because of the sheer size of the Web, it is not feasible to set up a data warehouse to replicate, store, and integrate all of the data on the Web, making data collection and integration a challenge. The Web is too complex. The complexity of a Web page is far greater than a page in a traditional text document collection. Web pages lack a unified structure.The Web is too dynamic. The Web is a highly dynamic information source. Not only does the Web grow rapidly, but its content is constantly being updated. The Web is not specific to a domain. The Web serves a broad diversity of communities and connects billions of workstations. Web users have very different backgrounds, interests, and usage purposes. The Web has everything. Only a small portion of the information on the Web is truly relevant or useful to someone or some task. Diff: 2Page Ref: 217 9) Define the three main areas of Web mining and each area's source of information. Answer: Web content mining refers to the extraction of useful information from Web pages. Source: unstructured textual content of the Web pages, usually in HTML format. Web structure mining is the process of extracting useful information from the links embedded in Web documents. Source: the URL links contained in the Web pages. Web usage mining is the extraction of useful information from data generated through Web page visits and tr ansactions.Source: the detailed description of a Web site's visits. Diff: 2Page Ref: 218 70) List three business applications of Web mining. Answer: 1. Determine the lifetime value of clients. 2. Design cross-marketing strategies across products. 3. Evaluate promotional campaigns. 4. Target electronic ads and coupons at user groups based on user access patterns. 5. Predict user behavior based on previously learned rules and users' profiles. 6. Present dynamic information to users based on their interests and profiles. Diff: 2Page Ref: 221

Interior Monologue in Ulysses

Despite the various parallels and connections between Homer's Odyssey and Jockey's Ulysses, It is Jockey's determination and arrangement of his novel that sets it apart from Homers mythological poem. Dissimilar to Homers Odyssey, Ulysses Is set In the city of Dublin on the 16th of June 1904. For Joyce, this particular date held a great amount of sentimental value as it was the day of his first date with his future wife thus questioning the idea of Joyce injecting a hint of romanticism by commemorating that particular date into a novel that has been described as vulgar and a work of blasphemy.Ulysses develops over the space of twenty-four hours and despite the novels small time frame the countless events and occurrences that the characters encounter are described in-depth and often quite humorously. Jockey's main intentions for his novel were to make it, in his opinion, as realistic as possible, to ‘give a picture of Dublin so complete that If the city one day suddenly disappear ed from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book (A Portrait of The Artist As A Young Man, pig. 0). To emphasis the element of realism Joyce described the characters as visiting authentic Dublin landmarks and establishments such as Dad Byre's pub and a Marcello Tower In Sandstone, Dublin. It Is through Jockey's element of realism, he overall structure and the multiple modes of writing of his novel that suggests Ulysses is a significant conspicuous piece of modernist literature in its own right.In Ulysses Joyce discards the traditionalist convention of maintaining a narrative throughout the entirety of his novel by persistently introducing other styles of writing episode by episode. Joyce continuously alters the narrator and the protagonist of the novel along with the style of how each chapter is written switching from a conventional narrative of maintaining one solitary hero or protagonist to swapping around the central characters throughout several episodes. Furthermore, throughout each Individual episode numerous themes are Introduced such as death. Hysterics and sexual desire. As the novel progresses and the protagonists and methods of writing change the characters' accounts of what has appeared to be everyday mundane actions, seen in the opening episodes, become more detailed and complex as they Interact more with the Inhabitants of Dublin and their surroundings. Wealth the opening episode Telemeters it would appear that the novel is following the traditional narrative writing regime as on first impressions what appears to be the protagonist of the novel, Stephen Deals is introduced.Stephen is a familiar character as he is depicted as the aging and maturing central character In Jockey's A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man. Through the opening chapters of Ulysses It would seem to be following the same routine as Jockey's previous work concerning the 1 OFF connecter AT Stephen as Ulysses Tolls Stepson's every clay, Toulouse octagons sun as eati ng breakfast and shaving, ‘He laid the brush aside and, laughing with delight†¦ Began to shave with care', (pig. ). The narrative throughout Telemeters conventionally follows A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man as Joyce is associating is narrative with internal monologue depicting Stephens inner voice and stream of consciousness as he performs everyday tasks. This is further reinforced in Nester where Stephen is undertaking his role as a teacher. Joyce is continuing his narrative through Stephens internal monologue but here a different theme is introduced.In the previous episode the reader sees Stephen and his friend Buck Mulligan undergo their morning routine but it is in Nester where Joyce introduces a catechist style of writing through Stephen teaching his class History and English declaring that history s, ‘a nightmare from which I am trying to awake', (pig. 27) to which the school headmaster Mr. Ideas responds, ‘all human history moves towards one gre at goal, the manifestation of God', (pig. 7) which ultimately refers to Stephens endless search for a father in a religious and spiritual sense noticeably mirrored with Homer's poem. Joyce remains within the inner voice consciousness that has previously been presented in the introductory episodes but it is in Calypso where the narrative is altered as an entirely different type of consciousness is presented through the character Leopold Bloom. Joyce depicts Bloom as a modernized bourgeois Odysseus developed and adapted to enhance his twentieth century revolutionary novel.Opposing to episodes such as Telemeters and Nester and characters such as Stephen and Buck, it is in Calypso where Joyce presents the reader with a more detailed account of a particular character even going to the extent of describing his innate love for food; ‘Mr. Leopold Bloom ate with relish the inner organs of beasts and fowls. He liked thick giblet soup, nutty gizzards, a stuffed roast heart, liver slices fried with crust crumbs, fried honchos' roes.Most of all he liked grilled mutton kidneys which gave to his palate a fine tang of faintly scented urine. ‘ (pig. 40). It is Jockey's description of Bloom's excessive appetite and love for food that initiates the awareness that Joyce is purposely making Bloom's gluttony undeniably apparent which is the first indication that the character of Bloom is to be vulgar and discourteous which further opposes Jockey's descriptions and details illustrated in the preceding episodes.As Bloom's detailed characterization continues he becomes increasingly uncouth, ‘By word and deed he frankly encouraged a nocturnal strumpet o deposit fecal and other matter in an unsanitary outhouse attached to empty premises', (pig. 369). Joyce differs from his previous style of writing by shifting the subjects to which his characters embrace, the respectable characteristics of Stephen observed and depicted in earlier episodes are disregarded as he introduc es the character of Bloom who is described as a ‘perverted Jew, (pig. 52) and the contrasting characters sexual nature and desire remain prominent throughout the course of the novel, the dark tangled curls of his bush floating, floating hair of the stream around the limp father of thousands, a languid floating flower', (pig. 3). Bloom's narrative is similar to that of Stephens in the sense that it illustrates every day actions and events in a mundane manner yet it is Bloom's account that involves complex and in-depth detail.Furthermore, it is through the altered narrative presenting Bloom's consciousness opposed to that of Stephens and through the ratter vulgar connecter AT Bloom, Joyce Is addle to tackle matters en NAS not Tormenter addressed such as bodily functions and sexual desires. Despite Bloom's vulgarity and his erotic thoughts and desires and the fact that he lacks the conventional heartsickness of Stephen it becomes evident that Bloom does have a high level of moral standing.When Bloom and Stephen are wandering through the streets of Bloom becomes a provisional father figure to Stephen during his search for a higher being as Bloom's description of Stephen, ‘l know him. He's a gentleman, a poet' (pig. 393) validates the respect and admiration the two men have for each other. Additionally, when his wife Molly is revealed as an adulterer he remains faithful and loyal to their marriage. Molly Bloom is additional character Joyce uses to depict another style of narration. Her soliloquy is illustrated in Penelope, the final episode of Jockey's Ulysses.Dissimilar to her husband and Stephen being parallel to Homer's mythological Greek characters, ironically Molly opposes the faithful and devoted character of Penelope supposedly her twentieth century counterpart. Throughout Jockey's novel it is Bloom that provides the main depiction of the character of Molly through his thoughts and opinions towards her ultimately giving the reader her characteriz ation from a male point of view, Penelope is the first encounter where Molly and Bloom's relationship is viewed from her perspective.Joyce stylists Molly's interior monologue described throughout the final eighteenth episode entirely different to those observed in the preceding episodes. Joyce composes Molly's lamentation out of eight extensive elongated sentences with barely any punctuation enabling the reader to become enthralled by her intense and exasperated thoughts revealing yet another varying from of Jockey's writing style; Yes†¦ Was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusia girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with y eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was goin g like mad and yes I said yes I will yes. ‘ (pig. 25) Jockey's style of writing in the final episode distinctively differs from other episodes in Ulysses as it offers an eagerly anticipated understanding of Molly's sentiments. During her intense dialogue she continuously alternates from one subject to another and the lack of punctuation powerfully accentuates her perception and awareness of her own character flaws. Molly constantly repeats, begins and ends with the word, yes' to which Joyce describes as the female word' ultimately giving a character that has not held her own narrative throughout the novel, but has been portrayed by other characters, the closing statement in Ulysses.At first glance the opening pages of Ulysses depict a false allusion of what is to succeed throughout the remaining pages of Jockey's paramount novel. Through what appears to be the initial protagonist Stephens interior monologue illustrating his routine and monotonous every day actions whilst wande ring in and around the City f Dublin in search of a divine being, abruptly changes with Jockey's sudden introduction of the character of Leopold Bloom.The central character shifts from straight-laced Stephen to the crude and comical Bloom. Jockey's adjustment to Bloom incorporates an entirely different style and mode of writing for he dives into Blooms conversational tongue Nils In-patent Ana meticulous ascription AT Nils credentials, social class and background. In a further change of narration Molly Bloom is appointed her own individual episode comprised of a soliloquy presented exclusively by herself exhibiting Jockey's attitude towards feminism and the female mind.It is through Jockey's multiple styles of writing and his modern interpretation of Homer's Odyssey and the insertion of realism that Ulysses is viewed as one of the greatest works of modern literature and a landmark piece of avian-garden Irish writing due to its radical subjects and incidences, specifically the descrip tions of bodily functions, explicit sexual encounters and Jockey's use of profanity. The concept of Ulysses being a profound work of literature is further reinforced by Jockey's revolt against the traditional forms of narrative prose which had been the mainstream style of writing during the literary world throughout Jockey's era.Choosing to break free from the traditionalist narrative approach Joyce presents an innovative and contemporary style of writing as each episode of the somewhat taboo novel reveals a different account of what Joyce himself describes as everyday Irish life depicted through multiple styles. It is through his multiple styles of writing demonstrated entirely differently throughout each episode that make Ulysses surpass other works of its kind. James Jockey's A Portrait of The Artist As A Young Man, Bloom, Harold. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Ulysses, Joyce, J. The Echo Library 2009. Lecture and seminar notes have also been used.

How does Steinbeck present Crooks in the extract? Essay

Assignment Title: How does Steinbeck present Crooks in the extract? What is the importance of crooks in the novel as a whole? Of Mice and Men is a powerful and moving portrayal of two men striving to understand their own unique place in the world. Drifters in search of work, George and his simple-minded friend Lennie have nothing in the world except each other – and a dream. A dream that one day they will have some land of their own. Eventually they find work on a ranch, but their hopes are doomed, as Lennie – struggling against extreme cruelty, misunderstanding and feelings of jealousy – becomes a victim of his own strength. Of Mice and Men does many things which include: tackling universal themes, friendship and a shared vision, and giving a voice to America’s lonely and dispossessed; and in this essay about this poignant novel I will explain how ‘Crooks’ a key character in this book is presented, and also show his importance to the novel as a whole. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Crooks is a black man and is disfigured because of his crooked back. Because of these two things, he is treated as a second-class citizen. We can see that he is treated this way by looking at this extract: â€Å"Crooks, the negro stable buck, had his bunk in the harness-room; a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. On one side of the little room there was a square four paned window, and on the other, a narrow plank door leading into the barn. Crooks’ bunk was a long box filled with straw, on which his blankets were flung.† From this extract, we are told many things about crooks. Firstly, in the opening sentence of the extract, we are told that crooks is a â€Å"negro stable buck†. We know straight away that he is different because of the fact that his colour was mentioned; none of the other characters in the book were described by the colour of their skin, showing that crooks has been separated from them based upon his colour. Crooks has his own bunk in the harness room, where the tacking for the horses is kept. The idea of the harness room is important because Crooks, like the rest of the characters, are literally in harness to the job on the ranch. They work like the animals until they have outlived their usefulness. Crooks, more than the rest, is seen as animal-like because of the colour of his skin. His living space is also second-class to the bunkhouse. We can see this because the room is said to be no more than â€Å"a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn†. This shows that his living space is very small and not meant for a person to live in. The room that he lives in is of poor quality, â€Å"a narrow plank door† and the fact that his room has a door, which leads onto the barn further prove that he is being treated like an animal. His room is ill equipped for living in â€Å"Crooks had his apple box over his bunk, and in it a range of medicine bottles, both for himself and the horses†. This show that he has been deprived of a simple human necessity; storage. Even though Crooks is a more permanent worker, he has to resort to an apple box to put his possessions in. In addition, Crooks keeps the medicine for the horses with as well has keeping his own medicines in the same box. He sees himself s other people see him; equal to animals. By looking at Crook’s personal belongings, we can get a greater insight into what sort of person he is. In Of mice and men, the possessions in his room are said to â€Å"scattered about the floor† because â€Å"being a stable buck and a cripple, he was more permanent than other men, and he had accumulated more possessions than he could carry on his back†. From this, we get a keys fact : One ,Crooks is different from other people because unlike the migrant workers, whose job can only last for a season and are dependant on crops, Crook’s job is dependant on the horses, which are needed all year round. This makes him less likely to have to look for work elsewhere; the ranch is more dependant on him than the migrant workers. Two, because his belongings are strewn on the floor, you can begin to assume he does not have many visitors. The next paragraph tells us in detail of Crook’s possessions, among which are â€Å"a tattered dictionary and a â€Å"mauled copy of the California civil code for 1905†. The books indicate that he has been well educated, as many people in the 1930’s were illiterate. Both the dictionary and the civil code book are said to be severely worn, and this indicates he takes a great in interest in knowing his rights. He has read these books so carefully so as to be treated fairly and equally as possible, and even though the book is several years old, he has to make do with what he’s been given. Crooks is a proud man, and does not mix easily with the other ranch hands: â€Å"He kept his distance and demanded that other people kept theirs†. Memories from the past could be the reason behind this; Crooks used to be welcomed by his white friends when he was younger on his dad’s farm, but he soon became aware of racial prejudice when he became a teenager. He understands that he is not wanted on the ranch, and he also used to express the men’s the racial hatred when they â€Å"go after† him when they fight. We can tell that crooks is not well nourished :†his lean face lined with deep black wrinkles†, but if we read on we also know that he is in pain â€Å"pain-tightened lips†. The cause of his pain seems to be his back injuries. Steinbeck describes how he is rubbing his spine with liniment when Lennie goes to see him. â€Å"In one hand he held a bottle of liniment, with the other the rubbed his spine. Now and then he poured a few drops of the liniment into his pink-palmed hand and reached up under his shirt to rub again. He flexed his muscles against his back and shivered.† As readers, we empathise with Crooks because he is not treated equally with dignity, and we know from this that Steinbeck believes in equality and fairness. The other men are not cruel to him, but he is aware of their racism and resents it: â€Å"They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black.† A key moment in Steinbeck novel is when Lennie goes to see Crooks. It’s appropriate that when we see him in his own environment of the harness room he is defensive of his environment, telling Lennie that if he is not allowed in the white men’s area, then they are not allowed in his. But unlike the rest of the ranch workers, Lennie sees no reason why he should not visit Crooks’ room. Lennie’s childlike mind does not recognize the idea of racial segregation, so seeing Crooks’ light on, he decides to call in. We soon learn that the other men never visit Crooks. Although he grumbles at first about Lennie being there, he soon invites him to sit down and talk. For once, Crooks feels important and he talks freely to Lennie about his life on the ranch. We learn that Crooks was not â€Å"a southern negro†. When he says this to Lennie it is to show he has status, he was not a slave from the south; he was born and treated as a child equally â€Å"The white kids come to play at our place ,an’ sometimes I went to play with them, and some of the was pretty nice† We notice how Crooks begins to pour out his personal feelings to Lennie because he believes that Lennie doesn’t really understand him, and because, â€Å"A guy can talk to you and be sure you won’t go blabbin†. He justifies his speaking to Lennie by saying â€Å"This is just a nigger talking†¦So it mean nothing see?† It is just after this point that we come to understand just how lonely Crooks is, his need for socialisation and his deprivation. â€Å"I seen it over an over an over- a guy talking to another guy and it don’t make no difference if he don’t hear or understand. The thing is they’re talking or they’re settin or they’re settin and still not talking. It make no difference, no difference.† We can see what Crook’s main need is – companionship. Just to be able to talk to someone- even if they’re not listening is all he wants. Because of this deprivation its seems as though he tries to make the most of having an audience by cruelly teases Lennie, suggesting that George will never come back. â€Å"S’pose George don’t come back no more. S’pose he took a powder and just ain’t coming back. What’ll you do then?† Crooks is envious of Lennie and George’s relationship- they have everything that Lennie wants; a companionship. He repeats this question to Lennie several times, trying to see how strong George and Lennie’s bond is only to have Lennie reply: â€Å"He won’t do it† â€Å"George wouldn’t do nothing like that. I been with George a long time. He’ll come back tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crooks, delighted by this reply continues to bombard Lennie with the same question. This however, is too much for Lennie compute; we know Crooks has gone too far , by asking this same question repeatedly Lennie can only think that something has happened to George. He relies on George so much- Lennie is only the animal part of their relationship; George is the mentally alert aspect. Lennie is shown to react in an animal-like manner: † Lennie’s eyes centered and grew quiet and mad†. It is at this point we know that Lennie’s strength is overtaking him, and this scene gives an idea of what is to come in the future. There are several similarities between Crooks and Lennie. They are both outsiders ;neither Crooks nor Lennie were invited to town that night. They both have great difficulty socialising with people, Lennie because he is not mentally able to, Crooks because of his colour. Another similarity is, no matter what, we know that both of them will never fulfil their dreams. Like all of the characters in the film, their dreams are unrealistic. Crooks is important in the play because like all the other characters he is isolated and lonely and he, at first, laughs at Lennie’s dream. This feeling of disbelief and scorn makes the reader feel that maybe George and Lennie’s dream is really only nonsense, as Crooks tells Lennie: â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land. It’s just in their head .† Crooks sums up the dream and reality of migrant workers- they dream of independence, to be owned by no-one and have no-one to answer to but themselves ; but no-one ever realises their dream. This is an important part of the novel, because Steinbeck has used this point to sum up the rest of the book; none of the characters will realise their dreams. Now it is Crooks turn to invite another person into is bunk; it is at this point that Candy enters in this chapter. It is difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure because now, he has found another person who is willing to talk to him, and possibly treat him equally. Although the author doesn’t explicitly tell us that he is enjoying talking to the two men, it is clear that he longs for a more sociable and humane existence. Candy too brings up the idea that Lennie was talking about earlier : â€Å"I got it figured out. We can make some money on those rabbits if we go about it right.† Crooks says again that their dream is impossible. Candy however, refuses to believe this and goes over in detail their dream. This is the turning point for Crooks, because Candy’s determination and the amount of belief he shows in this dream is enough for Crooks to begin to think that the dream could be possible, and even though he understands that Lennie’s dream is impossible, he becomes captivated by the dream. He too is swept away by the dream of living off the â€Å"fat of the land†. † If you†¦guys would want a hand to work for nothing-just his keep, why I’d come an’ lend a hand. I ain’t so crippled I can’t work like a son-of-a-bitch if I want to.† The three men are disturbed by the arrival of Curley’s wife. She too has been left behind. She seeks out company but the men sense trouble and are unfriendly towards her. When she turns on Crooks, making thinly veiled threats and calling him a â€Å"nigger†, it reminds him of his low status on the ranch. Her words bring him back down to earth and make him realize that the dream is useless: he will never be treated as an equal. The ending of Chapter Four contrasts bleakly with the earlier optimism and enthusiasm of the three men, before the arrival of Curley’s wife. Perhaps the author intends the reader at this point to share Crooks’ cynicism about the dream and realize that it will come to nothing. All of the characters have expectations that are sometimes called the ‘Great American Dream’. This refers to the idea that people saw America as a ‘land of opportunity’ where ambitious people could fulfil their dreams. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck seems to be giving us ‘clues’ to tell us that things will go wrong and George and Lennie will never get the life they desire. The reality for people like Crooks, Candy, Lennie and George is summed up in a single line of the poem To a mouse ;from which the title of this poignant novel is taken : â€Å"The best-laid schemes o mice an men, Gang aft agley† (English: â€Å"Often go awry†).

Interpreting Policies and Expectations Research Paper

Interpreting Policies and Expectations - Research Paper Example Evidently, discussion posting aims to assist the candidate to acquire new knowledge and to improve his/her knowledge base. Components of Scholarly Response The three components of scholarly discussion posting response are comprehensive, in-depth, and focused writing; APA style and citations, and relevance of the topic. The first element requires the candidate to provide comprehensive responses and to keep the responses specifically focused on the topic under consideration. It also requires candidates to give thoughtful postings after paying particular attention to week’s readings, relevant news, and other sources such as colleagues’ postings. It is vital for the candidate to depend on course sources as well as external sources to contribute to the authenticity of the posting. While using such sources, candidates are required to follow APA style so as to maintain uniformity and a high standard of scholarship. The use of APA style and citations are greatly beneficial to f acilitate the participation of all course participants. The relevance of the topic is the key tool for assessing the effectiveness of the participation. In order to ensure effective participation in discussion posting, candidates are expected to maintain the logical thread of discussion, which would enhance developing appropriate and useful ideas. Course Grades and Feedback Course grades will be based on participation in discussion postings and completion of assignments listed in the course syllabus. As described in the syllabus, the Course Grading Matrix gives an exact idea of course grading. A grade will be given for scores of 90% and above (900-1,000), B grade for scores of 80%-89% (800-899), C grade for scores of 70%-79% (700-799), and D grade for scores of 69% and below (699 or less).Feedback on all assignments will be given to the candidate by the 7th day of the week following the one in which the assignment was due. To illustrate, if the assignment was due in Week 3, the cand idate would receive feedback on that particular assignment by the 7th day of the Week 4. If a candidate thinks that he/she is not obtaining enough feedback, he/she is strongly encouraged to contact his/her instructor and ask for more feedback. The candidates can find contact information for his/her instructor under the Contact the Instructor area. The candidate may also refer to the Faculty members’ accessibility area of the Student policy excerpts in the Guidelines and Policies area to obtain further information on feedback. Walden University e-mail If the candidate has a course-related question, he can post his doubt in the discussion area or in the Contact the Instructor area. Since responses to a candidate’s question can be probably useful for others in the class, candidates are not advised to e-mail course-related queries to the Instructor or fellow classmates. Candidates are provided with Walden e-mail account to carry out their all official Walden University bus iness. They are expected to check their Walden e-mail account every day throughout the course period. Students are not expected to send copies of their postings to the Instructor or fellow classmates via e-mail. According to this course schedule policy, all postings have to be made in each week’s Discussion area of the course.  Ã‚  

Mental health nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mental health nursing - Essay Example Understanding is most often than not can be achieved in careful study and research of behaviours, patterns, beliefs, among other prevalent practices and knowledge in the nursing and health care relations and practices. Likewise, it is very critical for every health care studies and research to adhere to scientific, systematic process as can be achieved through objective measurement, through the imposition of control in order to be able to describe, explore and explain (Playle, 1999) the nature of the subject matter under investigation. Benton and Cormack (2000) have been very instrumental in defining a format for the method of mental health research issues as they have designed it to identify strengths and weaknesses of every study for inclusion, assessed, and careful consideration allows that the more ambiguity there will be and hence greater care needed in drawing conclusions from the paper. The framework they have presented have always been used in most instances to help the process of critiquing as it is a comprehensive framework covering most points needed in the critiquing process. The framework may be applied to both qualitative and quantitative research but without very clear research questions or objectives, a study cannot progress in a systematic and efficient manner so that the researcher must have established a specific purpose for the study, thereby allowing decisions to be made about methods and resources, and ethical issues will be identified. Playle (1999) likewise pointed out that identification of the overall nature of research will lead to examination of more depth the two stages of the research process which are the development of research questions and establishing current knowledge through awareness of existing literatures. Cormack and Benton (2000) insisted that without very clear research questions or objectives, a study cannot progress in a systematic and efficient manner. Burns and Grove (1997) specified that much time is spent in narrowing down a broad area of interest although many research or studies have very specific questions, objectives and hypothesis. Still, clear purpose must be provided to guide the research process (Burns and Grove, 1997). DISCUSSION: With a premise that little evidence exists to indicate that community psychiatric nurses can achieve the results reported by expert cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), a study conducted by Turkington, et al (2000) aimed to "assess the effectiveness and safety of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention in a representative community sample of patients with schizophrenia in secondary care settings." The study used the method of pragmatic randomized trial performed involving 422 patients and carers to compare a brief CBT intervention against treatment as usual and the results showed that "patients who received CBT (n=257) improved in overall symptomatology (P=0.015; number needed to treat [NNT]=13), insight (P

To what extent does the concept of ethics affect online business Essay

To what extent does the concept of ethics affect online business - Essay Example In relation to the study the company which has been selected is Global Media, a London based online mass media organisation which acts as a platform where different mass media houses can market their offerings to the customers. Advertising as well as marketing companies can utilise the services offered by Global Media Company to market as well as distribute their products. These products and services include literary works as well as advertisements for various goods that are related to the media fraternity. This online agency is primarily concerned with providing a network for media organisations to link with their customers. Global Media has a large database for customers as well as providers of different products and services. All the transactions between the media organisations as well as customers are facilitated by Global Media Company. Payments for these products and services offered are done online. Basically, Global Media Company is responsible for compiling and managing the database for various media houses. The organisation operates at a global level since it deals with stakeholders from different parts of the world. A close analysis of the operations of Global Media Company shows that there are broadly two lessons that can be learnt from it. The network approach taken by the organisation overlooks some of the important societal values that characterise people from different backgrounds since the company is mainly driven by the concerns of the proprietors. The other issue that is of concern in this particular case is related to ethical marketing since it can be observed that the company at times give precedence to its profit oriented goals at the expense of the needs of the other stakeholders at large. Thus, these two issues are discussed in detail below and the lessons leant are also outlined. The other part of the report will discuss the measures that can be taken by the managers at Global Media to resolve the issues for the betterment of the compan y in its future operations. Network approach The main issue with the network approach by Global Media is that the model of communication is mainly linear. The main problem with this model is that special consideration is given to the sender of the message and it follows a linear direction. However, the use of the internet has made it possible for information to flow from different angles where all the stakeholders are treated as equal. According to McQuail (2000), this model of communication is criticised because it follows a linear channel from the sender to the recipient. Indeed, the organisation is in business of marketing various products and services to different stakeholders but the problem is that the communication process is skewed in favour of the people who are responsible for designing the message. Molwana (1997) acknowledges that there are several communication networks in society and everyone belongs to one or several of these. As such, people are members of groups, coo peratives and other

Parallels In U.S. History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parallels In U.S. History - Essay Example The Confederates were defeated and surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War succeeded in providing equal civil rights to all Americans. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared freedom for slaves in all Confederate States. Congress passed the 13th (1865), 14th (1868) and 15th (1870) Amendments to the Constitution outlawing slavery, confirming citizenship of blacks and making it illegal to deny the right to vote on the basis of race. Business and the Economy developed and expanded after the Civil War. American industry changed dramatically. Machines were used to replace hand labor. Major inventions took place such as the typewriter (Christopher Latham Sholes), farm equipment (Deere & Co.) and celluloid (John Wesley Hyatt). Telegraph lines and railroads began to reshape the economy. The American Railway system became a nationwide transportation network that spurred economic growth. Investors invested huge sums of money in the stocks and bonds of corporations; banks lent corporations money to expand their business activities. Industrial growth caused cities to expand as people began to migrate in record numbers. In contrast, the South, badly hit by major wartime losses, failed Confederate currencies and disintegrated labor supply, suffered a doomed economy, with large farms broken into parcels and given out to tenant farming: the tenant farmers lacked the incentive to improve land that was not their own, and the l and owners did not have full control over production. In Art and Architecture, artists like Jasper Cropsey and Albert Bioerstadt popularized landscape painting. American realism entered art during the Civil War with artists like Winslow Homer and Lily Martin Spencer painting civil war scenes. The Civil War resulted in a large demand for statues of leading figures such

Why do cannibals eat their deceased family Essay

Why do cannibals eat their deceased family - Essay Example There were two types of cannibalism: exocannibalism (eating members of an enemy group), and endocannibalism (eating members of one's own group). Endocannibalism symbolized very different things: reverence for the dead, an incorporation of the spirit of the dead into living descendants, or a means of insuring the separation of the soul from the body. Endocannibalism is often associated with ritual burial ceremonies and has been controversially referred to on occasion as "compassionate cannibalism." Mortuary cannibalism has been considered to be the most widely practiced form of endocannibalism, often excluding murder and focusing on already deceased corpses (Arens 18-35). Cannibals would eat their deceased family members to acquire qualities, show respect and gain virtue of the deceased. There have been reports of such cases in Latin America, Australia, India, China, Papua New Guinea. Latin America. The Wari' (tribe on the territory of Brazil), prior to about 1960, ate as much of the corpse of a dead person as they could. If a corpse was too decayed to eat, most of it was cremated, which was believed to be superior to burial. For the Wari', allowing a loved one to be put in cold, wet ground was as horrifying a notion as cannibalism is to us. In various myths, Wari' are told that humans are eaten as a step in a cycle in which humans also eat animals. At the moment when a body is dismembered, it was believed that its spirit was reawakened by ancestral spirits in the underworld (Conklin 210-234). A Mayoruna man once expressed a wish to remain in his village and be eaten by his children after his death rather than be consumed by worms in the white man's cemetery. In recent times the Panoan, Yanomamo, and other lowland groups have consumed the ground-up bones and ashes of cremated kinsmen in an act of mourning. This still is classified as endocannibalism, although, strictly speaking, "flesh" is not eaten. The Yanomam mix the bones and ashes with plantain soup before consuming the mixture. The Cashibos eat their aged parents, but perhaps more from religious sentiment than from cruelty. Before their conversion, it was the practice of the Cocomas of the Hualaga to eat their dead relations, and to swallow the ground-up bones in fermented drinks, on the plea that it was better to be inside a warm friend than buried in the cold earth. Theories that a lack of protein in the South American tropical forest environment stimulated cannibalism have not received support from recent studies showing that tropical forest tribes have a more-than-adequate protein intake and are successful hunters despite environmental limitations (Metraux 383-409). Australia. In Australia, cannibalism was mostly practiced to gain the powers of the particular person who was being eaten. Some tribes ate their enemies only, some their own people, and some both. When tribes ate their enemies, they only ate certain body parts, such as the brain, heart, legs, or tongue. The brain was eaten for knowledge, the heart for courage and power, the legs were only eaten in the case of swift runners, for speed, and the sweat and tongue were consumed for bravery. When tribes ate their own people, family members would eat small portions of fat from their dead relative as a sign of respect. Only people of worth were eaten. People who died of disease or

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions Essay

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of the concept of supply and demand. It has become one of the most important concepts in modern day economics. Indeed this concept can be summed up as the one in which, the producer of a commodity has a certain quantity for sale in the market and that quantity which consumers are ready to buy. As a result of this, the demand for a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the commodity price, related commodity prices and also consumers buying power and choices. The supply of a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the cost incurred in the production of that particular commodity, the price of related kinds of products and many other factors. The concept of supply and demand is always existent and the market’s main aim is to bring a form of stability and equilibrium between the demand as well as supply through the pricing of commodities. Antitrust Laws are special type of laws that have been created by the American government in order to prevent the formation of monopolies, which could otherwise result in unhealthy market competition. Thus these are a set of Federal laws which can be applied in case of both businesses as well as individuals. The first Antitrust law in America was created in the year 1890. Thus this law ensures that, all the individuals and the various business establishments are given a fair deal, hen it comes to market competition and that no single company or individual gains an upper hand in business dealings unlawfully.

Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing of prescription drugs Essay

Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing of prescription drugs - Essay Example The Food and Drug Administration is the organization in charge of regulating the DTC marketing. These advertisements are placed through the television, print media, radio and other mass and social media. Regulatory and ethical concerns regarding these advertisements, mostly with concerns on the degree to which these advertisements may excessively influence the prescriptions based on the consumer demands, when in some case, they may not be obligatory has become a contentious issue. My major intend of writing this article is to talk about the significance the DTC marketing among consumers and physicians. Presently, it is only the United States and New Zealand in the whole world that consent to DTC marketing. Print advertisements were only meant for over the counter medications during the 18th century. These adverts led to people believing in the fact that those products could cure alcohol related diseases, obesity and dyspepsia. In the 19th century, there was little oversight on the efficiency and safety of these drugs by the government. By the time, the 20th century was being ushered in, a lot of new products flooded the American pharmaceutical market, while most of them one could doubt their effectiveness. This led to passing of a Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act in 1938 by the congress that ensured safety of the drugs on the market. Later in 1962, the FDA was granted an additional responsibility of regulating advertising of prescription drugs. Growing concerns about these advertisements led to introduction of S. 1082, the Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act so as to requ ire a mandatory moratorium on advertising new prescription drugs, a pre-clearance of the DTC advertisements. It also required that certain language be included in these advertisements. These restrictions were removed from the bill due to pressure from the American Advertising Federation (AAF). The AAF contends that these moratoriums would violate the first amendment protection

Case study analysis and an action plan Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis and an action plan - Case Study Example An action plan as well as a summary of findings will be provided in order to deliver a comprehensive understanding of the current scenario of Paul and the recommendations as suitable to his condition. As argued by many scholars, including Barker (2012), Mytton & et. al. (2012) and Gomez-Pinilla (2011) among others, unhealthy diet can impose strong negative affects to the health of the consumer causing various diseases such as blood pressure, abnormal sugar levels and heart diseases along with immunity related issues. Diet is an important contributor to maintain fitness of the body or health throughout one’s life. The first and foremost requirement of practicing a healthy diet is to have it on time and follow a firm routine for the meals in the entire day. As per the common belief and also based on proven facts, dietarians recommend that a healthy diet chart should have adequate proportion of liquids, fats and protein to help a body function properly and mitigate chances of health related issues to the highest possible extent. It is in this context that there are certain possible diet related risks, which might arise due to untimely dietary practices, such as observed in th e case of Paul. For instance, Paul was observed to avoid taking breakfasts on time, sufficing only with two cups of tea and that too with a heaped spoon of sugar. Even such practices obstructs proper digestive functions of the body and thereby increases risks of obesity and falling immune system that might also be witnessed in Paul (Geneva, 2003). Notably, with his growing age, Paul is quite certain to undergo immune system deficiency whereby he shall require special focus on his dietary practices and follow the same in routine gaps. Apparently, the dietary chart taken by Paul’s is not good for the development of his health. As can be witnessed from the assessment of his meal plan, Paul’s current dietary practices show imbalances in the

Old School Versus New School Hip Hop Essay Example for Free

Old School Versus New School Hip Hop Essay Benjamin Anderson Ms. Marae Bailey English 110 January 18, 2010 Old School versus New School Hip Hop Many people believe that all hip hop music is the same. They think hip hop is about the beat of the music and the fame of the rapper. However, the true difference occurs when you look at how old school hip hop became mainstreamed. Original hip hop was about the disc jockey that played the music. The music of hip hop were humble and about pleasing the crowd; while new school has become more commercial due to the involvement of major record companies. The hip hop of today is not the hip of yesteryear. Hip hop began in the streets of New York City, in the Bronx area. The local Disc Jockeys would have free parties in the local parks or at local school playgrounds for the main purpose of promoting themselves and to advertise for future parties that they were having at a club or a local community center, in which they would charge a cover price to get in. A Disc Jockey usually has couple of his friends around to help carry equipment like records crates and to help with the setup. The Disc Jockey would usually pay the guys for helping him. The setup guys also helped out during party by getting on the microphone, and saying crowd participation rhymes, this would help keep the people on the dance floor. They would later be known as Masters of Ceremonies or MCs. MCs would take light-hearted jabs at other disc jockeys and lyricists. After awhile, the disc jockey with better MCs, would bring in larger crowds, in turn, giving the disc jockey a bigger pay day! As the disc jockey and his MCs got more popular and more money started flowing in the disc jockey’s pocket, the disc jockey would be able to pay those guys strictly to be MCs, and someone else to handle setup issues. Now, back in seventies, a good disc jockey could make around $1000. 00 for playing music for five hours. Out of that money he would have to pay MCs, and he might have two to four people as MCs. The disc Jockey would have to pay the setup guys too. MCs would get paid from $100 to $200 per party. Local record companies like, â€Å"ENJOY† record saw the money making potential in this new Hip hop craze, so local record companies that were based in the New York City area, would find the hottest Disc Jockeys and MCs combination to sign on their record label. Then a person could go out and buy his or her favorite Disc Jockey or MC’s record at the local record store. Local radio stations started to play the song on air too. The Disc Jockeys that were able to get a record deal started to make more money and their MCs did too! Hip Hop music was still local to New York, until major record companies like, RCA, EMI, Polygram Records, and CBS started to buy out the all the local record companies. Now the major the record companies had worldwide distribution for the records that they sold. Hip hop was now going nationwide, and it was going to be as big as Rock and Roll. Hip hop going nationwide lead to birth to the new school hip hop. Major record companies wanted to sign up hip hop group to their label, but they didn’t want to sign the disc jockey of the group. The record companies felt that they should not have to pay someone that was not performing on the record. A lot times, a producer from the record company would strike a deal with the MCs, by telling them that they are doing all the work, and the fans are screaming their names, not the disc jockey. So MCs would get the contract and the Disc Jockey was cut loose, making this the end of Disc Jockies or MCs, and the birth of the rapper. New school rappers these were making from $100,000,000 to $200,000,000 an album. Now the rapper was headlining show and filling football stadium seats. The rapper that used to be the MCs for the disc jockey, began paying the disc jockey to spin or play music for him or her at a concert. Hip hop is now known all over the world, sung in many different languages. The lyrics of today’s hip hop rappers are not like the MCs of yesterday, Rappers now talk about how much money they are making and disrespecting women in their songs. Some rappers like tell how they made it from the drug game to the rap game, while rappers talk about the use of drugs and types drugs they prefer to use. A rapper’s lyrics often reflect the violent lifestyle of American inner cities afflicted with poverty. The â€Å"N† word is used a lot in today rapper’s lyrics In conclusion, we see that rappers remain a big part of the old and new school hip hop era and that sampling and mixing of music to create the hip hop sounds have not changed much as hip changed from old school to new. Getting the crowd hype and dancing on the floor hasn’t changed much from old to new. But, as we saw the disc jockey’s setup guy, whose original job was to set up and rap into the mike so that the crowd could focus on the music of the DJ, has grown to become to multimillion dollar money making rapper. What most people today don’t know is that it was the fall of the disc jockey, the original star of the show, which led to new school hip hop.

Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment

Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment Do Host Countries Benefit From Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence From Developing Economies Executive Summary The multinational companies (MNCs) and associated foreign direct investment (FDI) play an important role in international economy. It is well-known that FDI activity can bring many significant effects to host countries. In this essay I estimate such effects from three different aspects: The first part I focus on the relation between FDI and host country wages. Previous studies show that it is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. The FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. The second part I focus on the relation between FDI and host country productivity. Foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies; it can be supported by most of the available studies no matter what measures have been used. Although some findings reflected that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI by productivity spillovers, in more cases, the productivity spillovers are not significant, even negative. The third part I focus on the relation between FDI and host countrys economic Growth. The result shows that developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth. Overall, the host countries, especially the developing countries, can benefit from foreign direct investment. 1. Introduction The worldwide spread of multinational companies (MNCs) and associated foreign direct investment (FDI) play an important role in reconstructing economy pattern of the world. It is well-known that FDI activity can bring many significant effects to host countries development. In this essay I will estimate such effects from three different aspects- the effect in wages, the effect in productivity and the effect in economic growth- by reviewing numerous relative studies and try to find out whether host countries, especially the developing countries, can get benefits from foreign direct investment. 2. FDI And Host Country Wages In this section, I will explain to what extend does FDI influence host countries wages level. Whether local firms could benefit from the entrance or existence of foreign companies will be analyzed based on the previous studies. Firstly, let us take a look at the difference between foreign companies and domestic companies in regard to wages level. Almost all the available studies proved that foreign companies did pay higher wages in developing countries. Haddad and Harrison (1993) made a research on different companies performance in Morocco. They found that in unweighted means, foreign firms paid about 70% higher wages than domestic firms. According to weighted means, the foreign companies still paid higher real wages than domestic companies (PP.58-59). Higher wages paying by MNCs was also supported by some studies of other developing countries, such as Indonesia (Hill, 1990, Manning 1998, Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm, 2001). Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm (2001) reported that when taken the educational level into account, blue-collar workers can get 25% higher wages and white-collar workers can get 50% higher wages in foreign companies. In the conclusion part of this paper, the author stated â€Å"those higher wages for workers of a given educational level do not reflect only the greater size and larger inputs per worker in foreign plants, or their industry or location† (p.13). If considered all these factors, the foreign companies paid 12% and 20% more wages than domestic companies for blue-collar workers and white-collar workers respectively. Another evidence is taken by Ramstetter (1999), he did an research in five East Asian economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan) and made a report that wages in foreign plants were higher than domestic firms over 14-23 years, but the differences were not so significant in Singapore and Taiwan. It is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. Lipsey (2002) gave several explanations of this phenomenon. Firstly, higher wages may be caused by host-country regulations. Foreign firms are required to pay a higher price to the same quality workers in order to keep a good relationship with the host countries. Secondly, it could regard as compensation for the workers because they tend to choose local companies rather than foreign companies. Thirdly, as the foreign companies possess some advanced technology, they would rather pay more money to the employees to reduce the technology leaking resulted by stuff turnover. Last, the higher wages could count as an expense for attracting better employees because the foreign companies are not familiar with the labor market in host countries. Whether higher wages paid by foreign firms would affect the wages level in domestic firms and then change the wages level in host countries is another important question. The effects in wages of the local firms in host countries are referred as wage spillovers. Many studies focused on such wage spillovers as well as the effect to the overall wage level of the host countries taken by FDI. Aitken, Harrison, and Lipsey (1996) investigated the relationship between wages level and FDI in Venezuela and Mexico and found â€Å"no evidence of wage spillovers leading to higher wages for domestic firm†(Aitken et al., 1996, p.369). The lack of wages spillovers is in line with the different wages level between foreign and domestic companies. But there was a positive relationship between foreign ownership shares and averages industry wages, which means higher foreign ownership tend to increase industry wages. Besides, the effect was more significant for well skilled workers. The wage differ ences can be explained by â€Å"the greater human capital formation in foreign firms and lower turnover† (Aitken et al., 1996, p.369), well the increasing industry wages can be explained by the raising demand of labor in the foreign companies. Lipsey and Sjà ¶holm (2001) calculated the wage spillovers caused by FDI in Indonesia and found out foreign ownership could affect the wage level in domestic companies even if the difference in wage levels is not significant. Higher foreign ownership tend to increase the wage level of domestic companies, especially for white-collar than for blue-collar workers. We can conclude that the FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries as the higher wages in foreign companies can increase the average wage level of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. As Lipsey (2002) summarized, the positive effect might caused by the higher wages paid by the foreign firms if there are no wages spillover to domestic companies; if there are positive wage spillovers, both higher wage level in foreign companies and the positive spillovers to domestic companies can contribute to the overall wage increasing; even when foreign companies take a negative effect to the wages of domestic companies, the negative spillovers could be offset by foreign companies higher wages, so it could not impact the wage level increasing in the host countries. 3. FDI And Host Country Productivity In this section, I will review the previous literatures based on two questions. The first one is whether the productivity is higher in foreign companies than domestic companies in developing countries. Only if the existence of higher productivity has been proved in foreign companies could the productivity spillover of FDI take place in developing countries. The second one is whether the higher productivity in foreign companies spills over to domestic companies. According to previous studies, comparisons of productivity between foreign-owned plants and domestic-owned plants were focused on the manufacturing sectors in developing countries. Lipsey (2002) gave a summary of Blomstrà ¶m and Wolffs working paper. They found that by measuring both value-added and gross output from manufacturing data of Mexcican in 1970, the productivity of foreign companies was more than twice of domestic companies on average. When comparing with domestic companies, the labor productivity in foreign companies was much higher in 20 manufacturing industries. They also found that the capital intensity in foreign companies was 2.5 times higher than Mexican domestic companies. Sjà ¶holm (1999, p.55) in his article examined intra-industry spillovers from FDI in the manufacturing sector of Indonesian. He used micro-level data to examine the difference in labour productivity between foreign and domestic companies in 28 industries. It was proved that technology level was higher in foreign firms than domestic firms in 26 out of 28 industries. A similar conclusion can be found in a working paper written by Okamoto and Sjà ¶holm (1999) which published in the same year. They reported in Indonesia, higher foreign shares of gross output than foreign share of employment between 1990 and 1995 indicated that foreign-owned companies had higher labor productivity. Many other studies also showed that in developing countries, the foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies. For Morocco, Haddad and Harrison (1993) compared the â€Å"deviation of firm productivity from each sectors best-practice frontier† in 18 industries from 1985 to 1989. They found a higher output per worker and a smaller deviation from best-practice frontiers in foreign companies than in domestic companies among total 12 industries. For Uruguay, value added per worker was used to estimate the difference in productivity between foreign and domestic owned companies. Result revealed that in 1988, the productivity in foreign firms was about 2 times as in domestic firms on average (Kokko, Zejan, and Tansini, 2001). According to a research of Taiwan manufacturing sector in 1991, Chuang and Lin (1999) found that labor productivity of MNCs was much higher than local firms, but total factor productivity of foreign companies was only slightly higher than lo cal companies. The study for Turkey between 1993 -1995 in which different elements of the production function were taken into account by Eridilek (2002), as well as the study for five Ease Asian economies (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan) in which Ramsteteer (1999) used value added per employee to measure labor productivity, both found that the average productivity of were significant higher in MNCs than in domestic firms. From all evidence mentioned above, the conclusion that â€Å"foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies† can be supported in developing countries no matter what measures have been used. This phenomenon may be resulted from â€Å"larger scale of production† or â€Å"higher capital intensity† in the foreign companies (Lipsey, 2002, p. 40). Before move to the research on whether host countries could get benefit from FDI in respect of productivity growth, we should first make clear when the productivity spillovers take place. Blomstrà ¶m and Kokko (1998) expressed that the productivity spillovers occur when establishment of foreign companies result in promoting the productivity and efficiency of the local companies in host countries, and the foreign companies can not completely internalize the value of these benefits. Another reason that productivity spillovers take place is the domestic companies are forced to improve the efficiency of using their existing technology and resources because the entry of foreign companies carried fierce competition to the host countries. The severe competition also leads the domestic companies to pursue new technologies which can result in the productivity spills out. Besides, we should also classify the different types of spillovers. Horizontal spillovers are the effects from foreign to local firms belonging to the same industry. Vertical spillovers occur both in upstream industries and downstream industries (Javrcik, 2004). For horizontal spillovers studies, Aitken and Harrison (1999) used a panel data of Venezuelan companies during 1976 to 1989, concluded that there are â€Å"no evidence supports the existence of technology spillovers† between foreign and local companies (p.617). Konings (2001) also used panel data to study the effect of FDI in Bulgara, Romania and Poland. According to their conclusion, they did not find any evidence of spillovers in these emerging market economies. Such results have also been supported by Djankov and Hoekman (2000). However, this conclusion can not be generalized from all the developing countries. Damijan et al. (2003) used firm-level data to study 8 transition countries between 1994 and 1998, found spi llovers from foreign to local companies were positive in Romania ( p.11). Besides, Kinoshita (2001) proved that the RD-intensive sectors of Czech Republic have positive horizontal spillovers. Compared with horizontal spillovers, â€Å"It is quite upbeat about the existence of vertical spillover† (Javrcik and Spatareanu, 2005, P.54). Since many existing articles have provided evidence of vertical spillovers in developing countries. In another paper of Javrcik (2004), firm-level panel data was used in testing the productivity spillovers in Lithuania. The results revealed positive spillovers from FDI in upstream sectors but the positive productivity spillovers were associated with partially owned foreign investments. Such existence of vertical spillovers has also been provided by Blalock and Gertler (2004) and Schoores and van der Tol (2001). Although most of the articles have a common idea on the existence of vertical spillovers, they cannot reach agreements in some questions, such as whether there are some positive spillovers carried by FDI in upstream industries. Javrcik and Spatareanu (2005) gave a theoretical assumption that if multinationals can benefit from the better performance of intermediate input suppliers, they would not take measures to prevent productivity spillovers from happening. Thus, a spillovers-channel would be established between foreign companies and their suppliers belonging to local firms. In their opinion, positive effects of FDI might take place in upstream industries as the foreign companies would impose an increasing demand and better quality of intermediate products, such requirements would stimulate local suppliers to improve their technology in productive activity, meanwhile, they can benefits from scale economies. It seems reasonable but is not always the case in reality. Lipsey (2002) in his article cited an unpublished paper written by Aitken and Harrison (1991), which showed â€Å"negative effects of foreign direct investment in an industry on productivity in upstream industries† in Venezuela (p.41). They also provided a possible reason that â€Å"foreign firms shift the demand for intermediate inputs from domestic to foreign producers, reducing the scale of output, and there fore productivity, in domestic production† (p.41). Other factors that could influent spillovers are also existent. Xu (2000) used data from 1966 to 1994 of US manufacturing MNCs in 40 countries to investigate whether MNCs can help international technology diffusion. The paper found a weak evidence of technology diffusion from US MNCs in less developed countries (LDCs). The explanation given by the author is most LDCs cannot reach â€Å"a human capital threshold of about 1.9 years (in terms of male secondary school attainment) to benefit from technology transfer of US MNE affiliates† (p. 491). A conclusion that â€Å"the technology spillover effects brought by FDI are not significant in less developed countries† could be abstracted from this paper. Some studies did support that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI, because productivity spillovers from foreign firms can help local firms to improve their existing technology as well as achieve scale economies. However, in more cases, the spillovers are not significant, even negative. So we can not make a simple conclusion as whether the positive spillovers are really existent is depend on different factors in different circumstances. 4. FDI And Host Countrys Economic Growth Economic growth, which is a common objective for all developing countries, can be achieved from productivity spillovers. Several authors have studied the interaction between FDI and economic growth in developing countries. De Mello (1999) found that spillovers of technology and knowledge from the foreign countries were two determinants of long-term growth in host countries and FDI has positive effects on economic growth in developing countries. Bende-Nabende (2001) used annual data from 1970 to 1996 studied on Asian countries and showed that in Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines there is a positive impact carried by FDI. Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles (2003) used data between 1970 and 1999 of Latin American countries and find that positive effect only take place in countries with more economic freedom. According to Kohpaiboon (2003) and Marwah and Tavakoli (2004), a positive correlation between FDI and GDP growth were showed in Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines. Moreover, several papers focused on FDI effect in China also reflected positive effect on economic growth (Vu et al., 2008, p. 546). However, not all the studies supported the positive effect of FDI in developing countries. In the research of Blomstrà ¶m, Lipsey, and Zejan (1994), developing countries were separated into two groups the higher income countries and the lower income countries -and reported that only the higher-income group FDI inflow lead to economic growth. Through the analysis on 69 developing countries in the period of 1970 to 1989, Carkovic and Levine (2002) used panel data to test the correlation between FDI and developing countries economic growth. The results showed that the effect of FDI inflows was not significant. The different methods and data choosing may lead to such different results. Some unknown factors would also affect the results. But they do not have so much impact to our conclusion. Based on the findings of previous studies, generally speaking, developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth, 5. Conclusion The propose of this essay is try to estimate whether developing countries can get benefits from foreign direct investment. The effect of FDI has been classified into three aspects. Firstly, it is a universal phenomenon that the wages in foreign companies are higher than domestic companies. The FDI activity has a positive effect to the overall wage levels of the host countries, although wages spillovers to domestic companies are not always exist. Secondly, â€Å"foreign companies have higher productivity than domestic companies† can be supported by most of the available studies no matter what measures have been used. Although some findings reflected that local firms in developing countries can benefit from FDI by productivity spillovers, in more cases, the productivity spillovers are not significant, even negative. Thirdly, developing countries can benefit from FDI and achieve economic growth. Overall, we can get a positive conclusion that the host countries, especially the dev eloping countries, can benefit from foreign direct investment. References Aitken, B., Harrion, A., Lipsey, R. E., (1996) ‘Wages and foreign ownership: A comparative study of Mexico, Venezuela, and the United States, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 40 Issue 3-4, pp.345-371 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Bende-Nabende, A., (2001) ‘ FDI, regional economic integration and endogenous growth, some evidence from Southeast Asia, Pacific Economic Revies, Vol. 6 Issue 3, pp.383-399 InterScience [Online]. Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com / (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Blalock, Garrick. ‘Technology from Foreign Direct Investment: Strategic Transfer through Supply Chains. Paper presented at the Empirical Investigations in International Trade Conference at Purdue University, November 9-11, 2001 (part of doctoral research at Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley). Blomstrà ¶m, M. and Kokko, A., (1998) ‘Multinational Corporations and Spillovers, Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 12 Issue 3, pp.246-277 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Borensztein, E., Goregorio, D. J., Lee, J-W (1998) ‘How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp.115-135 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Carkovic, M. V. and Levine, R. (2002) ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth?, University of Minnesota Department of Finance working Paper SSRN[Online]. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Chakraborty, C. and Basu, P., (2002) ‘Foreign direct investment and growth in India: a cointegration approach, Routledge, part of the Taylor Francis Group, Vol. 34 Issue 9, pp.1061-1073 [Online]. Available at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Chuang, Y. C. and Lin C. M., (1999) ‘Foreign Direct Investment, RD, and Spillover Efficiency: Evidence from Taiwans Manufacturing Firms, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 35 Issue 4, pp.117-137 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Damijan, J. P., Knell, M. S., Majcen, B., Rojec, M (2003) ‘The role of FDI, RD accumulation and trade in transferring technology to transition countries: evidence from firm panel data for eight transition countries, Economic Systems, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp.189-204 EconPapers [Online]. Available at: http://econpapers.repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) De Mello, Jr.,L.R., (1999) ‘FDI-led growth: evidence from time series and panel data , Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 51 Issue 1, pp.133-151 OXFORD FOURNALS [Online]. Available at: http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Gà ¶rg, H. and Greenaway, D., (2000) ‘Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth , Research Paper 2000/12, Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets, University of Nottingham. Available at: http://globalisationandeconomicpolicy.com (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Haddad, M. and Harrison, A., (1993) ‘Are there positive spillovers from direct foreign investment? Evidence from panel data for Morocco , Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp.51-74 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Javorcik, B. S. and Spatareanu, M., (2005) ‘Does foreign direct investment promote development?, PP. 45-71, Available at: www.economics.ox.ac.uk (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Javorcik, B. S. (2004) ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers through Backward Linkages , The American Economic Review, Vol. 94 Issue 3, pp.605-627 JSTOR [Online]. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kathuria, V., (2001) ‘Productivity Spillovers from Technology Transfer to Indian Manufacturing Firms, Journal of International Development, Vol. 12 Issue 3, pp.343-369 InterScience [Online]. Available at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/home (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kohpaiboon,A., (2003) ‘Foreign trade regimes and the FDI-growth nexus: a case study of Thailand , Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 40 Issue 2, pp.55-69 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Kokko, A., Zejan, M., Tansini, R., (2001) ‘Trade Regimes and Spillover Effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay, Economics of Transition, Vol. 137 Issue 1, pp.124-149 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Konings, J., (2001) ‘The effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms: Evidence from firm-level panel data in emerging economies, Economics of Transition, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp.619-633 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Lipsey, R. E. and Sjà ¶holm (2001) ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Wages in Indonesian Manufacturing, NBER Working Paper No. 8299, Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research. Available at: www.nber.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Lipsey, R. E., (2002) ‘HOME AND HOST COUNTRY EFFECTS OF FDI , NBER Working Paper No. 9293*Issued in October 2002 NBER Program(s): NBER [Online]. Available at: http://www.nber.org (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Marwah, K. and Tavakoli, A. (2004) ‘The effect of foreign capital and imports on economic growth: further evidence from four Asian countries (1970-1998) , Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 15 Issue 2, pp.399-413 ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Okamoto, Y. and Sjà ¶holm, F., (1999) ‘FDI and the Dynamics of Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence, Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance, No. 348, Stockholm School of Economics, December. RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Ramstetter, E. D., (1999) ‘Comparisons of Foreign Multinationals and Local Firms in Asian Manufacturing Over Time, Asian Economic Journal, Vol. 13 Issue 2, pp.163-203 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Sanchez-Robles, B. and Bengoa-Calvo, M. (2002) ‘ FDI, economic freedom, and growth: new evidence from Latin America, Universidad de Cantabria, Economics Working Paper No. 4/03. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=353940 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.353940 (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Sjà ¶holm, F., (1999) ‘Technology Gap, Competition and Spillovers from Direct Foreign Investment: Evidence from Establishment Data, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 36 Issue 1, pp.53-73 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Vu, T. B., Gangnes, B., Noy, I. (2008) ‘Is foreign direct investment good for growth? Evidence from sectoral analysis of China and Vietnam , Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Vol. 13 Issue 4, pp.542-562 informaworld [Online]. Available at: http://www.informaworld.com/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009) Xu, B, (2000) ‘Multinational enterprises, technology diffusion, and host country productivity growth , Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 62 Issue 2, pp.477-493 RePEc [Online]. Available at: http://repec.org/ (Accessed: 20 December 2009)

Plastic Arts Education in Ecuador

Plastic Arts Education in Ecuador The plastics arts is essential tool to stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility in Ecuadorian preschool students In Ecuador, the implementation of plastic arts in the different schools is very important because its essential tool to stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility of the students. Plastic arts techniques, influence in the development of the childs fine motor skills as they are part of his daily life. The childs brain have a capacity of imagine and create anything to this age. The best method to that a child learned is the observation, perception, and representation of analysis. This fosters the development of talents and creativity that are necessary incentives for the child learning. The teaching methods help to acquire new information that the brain could use in the future to construct ideas, answers, or give solutions. Plastic arts in the initial education are a priority need for the child, because during the plastic workshops they have the opportunity to creative and act. Its considered to be dynamic process because the path it traverses is not linear. The education al system at this age should function as a transmitter, sifter and maintainer of cultural goods, creating interrelations with art. Plastic arts are a motivating tool that helps in the different areas of cognitive and preferential development. Integral development, motivating skills, capacities, and improving observation analysis are some of the benefits of plastic art. Plastic art techniques, if performed daily, influence in the development of the childs fine motor skills as they are part of their daily life, and failing to use them in an appropriate and timely manner will deploy a series of weaknesses and shortcomings in the development of skills engines that should strengthen at this age. The expression of human emotions and situations through the use of material elements aid creativity in children as well. Furthermore, this contributes in a really significant way in the intellectual and emotional formation of the people in general. Due to the fact that Ecuadorian schools have a deficit in creativity, plastic arts is essential tool that will stimulate the creative ability and aesthetic sensibility in Ecuadoria n preschool students. Art is a gift the human beings have at birth and this provides the opportunity to increase the capacity for action and experimentation to face a society full of changes. Art is a social product par excellence, where the influence of concrete reality predominates (Hinostroza, 2000, p.12). Because art is expressed and communicated values, customs, ideals and aspirations that mark the social development of a people and enrich the artistic expression to the people in the world. Art is the expression and manifestation of human feeling, through the line, color, movement, rhythm and melody according to the objective reality where it develops (Aquiles, 2000, p.10). Then, it will be understood that manifestation of human activity that is expressed in a way subjective, unique and irreproducible way to realize an artistic creation, be it real or imaginary communicating feelings and sensations that is the result of its intelligence and creativity. Art creates a domain in the symbolic life of the child, which encourages them to experiment with ideas and feelings while providing pleasure, which is a central goal in the development of emotional-affective life (Setchovich, 1999, p.18). First, the method of teaching in pre-school schools in Ecuador is quite standardized and systematic. For a better development of its initial education, Ecuador has agreed to the update curriculum, based on games and arts as methodological lines to organize, promote, and run experiences, starting the recognition that they are actors in their own learning. (Arias, 2013). With this in mind, implementing an innovative change in the schools would raise methods of observation, perception, and representation of analysis. This fosters learning and the development of talents and creativity that are necessary incentives for the childs interest in learning to act as motor. The curiosity of a child is enormous. Accordingly, when a child is curious, he or she observes and analyzes the different things that are around them. In fact, to promote learning, talent development and creativity is a key part of the teaching in the preschool. Indeed, the school should be a privileged place of learning and personal growth for a child. Education is a social process that enables the development of each persons potential. This process occurs in life and for life, in interaction with the environment, where the child develops his aptitudes, values and feelings (Fundacià ³n, 2013). Plastic arts should be considered as important methodological strategies in the process of strengthening the fine motor, because they offer plastic materials that can be manipulated freely and spontaneously with their hands promoting the joy of create and develop the imagination through its free expression. In plastic arts the children play with the material, the colors, the space, the images and the textures. Then they will begin to realize them expressing consciously what they feel, think and see. As a result the teaching methods help to acquire new information that the brain could use in the future to construct ideas, answers, or give solutions. Also, teachers will also expand their knowledge and establish strategies in a relevant way for this area and will be able to meet the needs of infants in a harmonious inter-learning relationship, strengthening the initial education pedagogical model which in turn will help the acquisition of knowledge, skills and values in children. Plasti c arts in the initial education are a priority for the child, because during the plastic workshops not only is a reality is perceived, but also they have the opportunity to create and act. Second, the stimulation of the creative ability in the children ages 3 to 4 years old is very important. The complex activities in this age, prevent the maturation of the fine motor, that if they are not corrected to time could generate difficulties in the initiation of the writing as it is: driving description, loose graphics, impulsiveness or clumsy writing giving rise to being hypertonic or hypotonic as their muscles have not reached maturity and still have no physical or emotional stability (Arias, 2013). Due to the fact that the childrens brain have a capacity of imagine and create anything to this age. When they do different activities like reading a history book the brain is obliged to imagine the things that they read. Besides, this the children make a drawing when their brains have a connection with the imagination. The plastic arts are important because it are not simple activities of reproduction of stereotypes, colored drawing, and, decoration or filling of figures that o nly thicken the work folder. But rather, plastic arts are transforming processes of the educational task that aim at a cognitive, socio-affective and motor development of the boy and the girl, forming it integrally. In fact, the emotions of children are important to creativity. Even through their emotions they can recreate the different scenes that involve being happy, sad, angry, etc. With this in mind, imagination can solve problems and help them practice self-discipline and develop both affection and compassion. Therefore the most important in a child is to create imaginary situations where they can act freely and they can solve problems. In addition, it is considered a dynamic process because the path it traverses is not linear. Thus, the educational system at this age should function as a transmitter, sifter and maintainer of cultural goods, creating interrelations with art to offer meaningful learning experiences to the child. Finally, improving aesthetic sensibility in initial education through the ability to understand the beauty of life and in art provides a comprehensive approach to childrens harmonic development. The initial education in arts where there is intensive accumulation of physical, mental, and spiritual faculties of children of 3-4 years accustomed causes good cognitive development. Nowadays, the formation of intellectual personality in preschool children is as important as the development artistic skills. In fact, it appears that the attitude for the composition of poems, stories, songs, etc.is becoming more promising. Thus, the aesthetic interests of the child in the expression of the universality of an aesthetic activity that is associated with art should be relaxed, cheerful, creative imagination, and initiative. But, the problem nowadays is that teachers do not use adequate methodological strategies to develop fine motor skills in the age of 3 to 4 years, because they work without grea ter organization and consideration of the needs and rhythm of development of children. (Arias, 2013). In conclusion, the initial education in arts where there is intensive accumulation of physical, mental, and spiritual faculties of children of 3-4 years accustomed causes good cognitive development. All students can improve if establishing techniques of the plastics arts teachers in initial education. The implementation of these arts in the Ecuadorian preschool will help with the development of creativity and innovation. Also, teachers will benefit by integrating their knowledge, as children today require an education with quality and warmth, where they offer meaningful experiences that allow their comprehensive training. Plastic arts contribute with agile and dynamic processes for the development of fine motor skills as they allow the application of different plastic techniques in a creative way that promotes segmental independence. Creating experiences of learning enriching for the integral formation of infant, which teachers do not give due importance within the learning process. Therefore, teachers are encouraged to incorporate into the educational process a methodological guide on plastic techniques to apply and improve the development of fine motor skills in children aged 3 to 4 years. References Aquiles, E. (2000). Art and creativity in the Education. Arias, R. (2013). Plastic Arts for the development to children. Quito. E. (2012). The Finland Phenomenon The System Educative Finland. Retrieved July 20, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAvle_y1mgI Fundacià ³n. (2013). Down21.org. Retrieved from http://www.down21.org/educ_psc/educacion/atencion_temprana/cognitiva.htm Hinostroza, E. (2000). Art and Creativity. Ossola, A. (2014, November 12). Scientists are more creative than you might imagine. Retrieved July 28, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/the-creative-scientist/382633/ Riquelme, A. (1986). Artes Plasticas. Universitaria. Setchovich, G. (1999). Plastic Expresion and Creativity. Mexico.